Violencia institucional e (in)seguridades en el sur del Conurbano Bonaerense : Prácticas violentas de las fuerzas policiales y de seguridad y vulneración de derechos de jóvenes de sectores populares (2018 -2020)
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2023-11-21
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En la construcción hegemónica mediática, política y social, la inseguridad es definida como una situación de crisis y emergencia, en la cual la ciudadanía sería asediada y victimizada por delitos de menor cuantía que involucran violencia interpersonal, que tienen lugar en el espacio público, y que son atribuidos casi de manera excluyente a las jóvenes y los jóvenes pobres. En efecto, la delimitación acotada del problema de la (in)seguridad asociada casi exclusivamente a los delitos protagonizados por jóvenes de los sectores populares oculta los delitos de las personas poderosas y las inseguridades que estas producen. Esto ha constituido, desde la década de 1990, un dispositivo que sostiene y legitima socialmente prácticas policiales violentas sobre quienes son construidos como su causa eficiente: las jóvenes y los jóvenes pobres.
En el marco de esta modalidad de problematización de la (in)seguridad, el despliegue territorial y el accionar de las fuerzas de seguridad en el desempeño de funciones de prevención y conjuración del delito, control territorial y orden público han tenido un impacto fuertemente negativo en la población joven. La causa es que este sector social ha resultado objeto privilegiado de intervenciones policiales que, bajo el supuesto de garantizar el derecho a la seguridad de la ciudadanía, vulneran de manera sistemática los derechos humanos y la seguridad de la juventud y de los territorios del conurbano sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires.
Por ello, la investigación que llevamos a cabo se orienta por el imperativo de conocer cabalmente las modalidades que asumen estas prácticas violentas teniendo en cuenta que los organismos de derechos humanos han señalado un significativo aumento de casos de violación de derechos humanos de jóvenes en los territorios en los que se despliegan diversas fuerzas policiales y de seguridad. Asimismo, se busca indagar las racionalizaciones que acompañan el ejercicio de la violencia policial y los discursos sociales que la justifican o cuestionan, y se da particular importancia a aquellos que emanan de ámbitos que se han constituido como instancias de control del accionar policial tales como el Poder Judicial, los medios de comunicación y diversas organizaciones de la sociedad civil.
Las hipótesis de trabajo de la investigación son:
1) La violencia policial no es una práctica aislada –fruto de abusos de agentes individuales–, sino que responde a la lógica de acción, justificación y legitimación vinculada al dispositivo (in)seguridad.
2) El uso discrecional de la fuerza es una práctica común que responde a, y a su vez refuerza, procesos sociales de construcción de estereotipos y de asignación de estigmas que vinculan al delito con determinado grupo social y franja etaria.
3) Las prácticas policiales no pueden ser comprendidas tomando como variable explicativa únicamente al aspecto normativo de la cuestión.
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In the hegemonic media, political and social construction, insecurity is defined as a situation of crisis and emergency, in which citizens would be besieged and victimized by minor crimes that involve interpersonal violence, which take place in public spaces, and that are attributed almost exclusively to poor young women and men. Indeed, the limited delimitation of the problem of (in)security associated almost exclusively with crimes carried out by young people from the popular sectors hides the crimes of powerful people and the insecurities that they produce. This has constituted, since the 1990s, a device that sustains and socially legitimizes violent police practices on those who are constructed as their efficient cause: poor young women and men. Within the framework of this modality of problematization of (in)security, the territorial deployment and actions of the security forces in the performance of functions of crime prevention and prevention, territorial control and public order have had a strongly negative impact on the young population. The reason is that this social sector has been the privileged object of police interventions that, under the assumption of guaranteeing the right to security of citizens, systematically violate the human rights and security of youth and the territories of the southern suburbs of the province of Buenos Aires. For this reason, the research we carry out is guided by the imperative of fully knowing the modalities that these violent practices assume, taking into account that human rights organizations have indicated a significant increase in cases of violation of the human rights of young people in the territories in which various police and security forces are deployed. Likewise, it seeks to investigate the rationalizations that accompany the exercise of police violence and the social discourses that justify or question it, and particular importance is given to those that emanate from areas that have been established as instances of control of police actions such as the Judiciary, the media and various civil society organizations. The working hypotheses of the research are: 1) Police violence is not an isolated practice – the result of abuses by individual agents – but rather responds to the logic of action, justification and legitimation linked to the (in)security device. 2) The discretionary use of force is a common practice that responds to, and in turn reinforces, social processes of construction of stereotypes and assignment of stigmas that link crime to a certain social group and age group. 3) Police practices cannot be understood taking only the normative aspect of the issue as an explanatory variable.
In the hegemonic media, political and social construction, insecurity is defined as a situation of crisis and emergency, in which citizens would be besieged and victimized by minor crimes that involve interpersonal violence, which take place in public spaces, and that are attributed almost exclusively to poor young women and men. Indeed, the limited delimitation of the problem of (in)security associated almost exclusively with crimes carried out by young people from the popular sectors hides the crimes of powerful people and the insecurities that they produce. This has constituted, since the 1990s, a device that sustains and socially legitimizes violent police practices on those who are constructed as their efficient cause: poor young women and men. Within the framework of this modality of problematization of (in)security, the territorial deployment and actions of the security forces in the performance of functions of crime prevention and prevention, territorial control and public order have had a strongly negative impact on the young population. The reason is that this social sector has been the privileged object of police interventions that, under the assumption of guaranteeing the right to security of citizens, systematically violate the human rights and security of youth and the territories of the southern suburbs of the province of Buenos Aires. For this reason, the research we carry out is guided by the imperative of fully knowing the modalities that these violent practices assume, taking into account that human rights organizations have indicated a significant increase in cases of violation of the human rights of young people in the territories in which various police and security forces are deployed. Likewise, it seeks to investigate the rationalizations that accompany the exercise of police violence and the social discourses that justify or question it, and particular importance is given to those that emanate from areas that have been established as instances of control of police actions such as the Judiciary, the media and various civil society organizations. The working hypotheses of the research are: 1) Police violence is not an isolated practice – the result of abuses by individual agents – but rather responds to the logic of action, justification and legitimation linked to the (in)security device. 2) The discretionary use of force is a common practice that responds to, and in turn reinforces, social processes of construction of stereotypes and assignment of stigmas that link crime to a certain social group and age group. 3) Police practices cannot be understood taking only the normative aspect of the issue as an explanatory variable.
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Palabras clave
Practicas policiales, Violencia, Jóvenes, Sectores populares, Police practices, Violence, Young people, Popular sectors
Citación
Rodríguez, G. E., Seghezzo, G., Barrabino, O. y Oleiro Hidalgo, M. (2023). Violencia institucional e (in)seguridades en el sur del Conurbano Bonaerense: Prácticas violentas de las fuerzas policiales y de seguridad y vulneración de derechos de jóvenes de sectores populares (2018 -2020). Contribuciones de Ciencia y Tecnología, 1(1). https://rid.unaj.edu.ar/handle/123456789/2840