Perspectivas de la dirección empresarial y los trabajadores sobre los factores de riesgo en una industria del plástico
Fecha
2023-09-04
Autores
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche. Instituto de Ciencias Sociales y Administración
Resumen
La presente investigación propone abordar los siguientes interrogantes: ¿cuáles son las perspectivas de la dirección empresarial y de los trabajadores sobre la existencia y características de los factores de riegos físicos y tecnológicos en el sector de confección de la industria del plástico de la empresa Envases del Parque SA, localizada en el conurbano Sur? Y ¿Cuáles fueron las medidas de prevención y valoraciones establecidas durante el año 2020, según la mirada empresarial y la de los trabajadores? Concretamente el objetivo general del TIF, es analizar comparativamente las perspectivas de las partes involucradas sobre los factores de riesgos físicos y tecnológicos que se dan en el ámbito de trabajo y las medidas de prevención implementadas por la empresa en el año 2020.
De acuerdo con los objetivos propuestos, se considera apropiada la utilización de una metodología cualitativa con enfoque interpretativo y de naturaleza sincrónica. A partir de este enfoque se busca ahondar acerca de las percepciones de los trabajadores y del primer accionista por medio de la realización de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Este tipo de técnica de recolección de datos, se utiliza cuando se busca acceder a la perspectiva de los actores y permite analizar la interpretación que tienen ellos acerca de sus propias experiencias.
La empresa se ubica en el Conurbano Bonaerense, específicamente en Berazategui, y la población estudiada está compuesta por los trabajadores del sector de confección y el primer accionista de Envases del parque S.A. La muestra seleccionada se encuentra conformada por representantes de las dos partes que constituyen la relación salarial. En primer término, seis trabajadores pertenecientes al área de producción del sector de confección, que desempeñan sus funciones entre el turno mañana, tarde y noche. En segundo término, se considera la perspectiva del empleador, primer accionista de la empresa y conocedor del funcionamiento de la organización desde sus inicios.
Para dicha investigación, se utiliza un muestreo por conveniencia. Como presenta Flick (2015), esta estrategia se elige solo si es la única forma de conducir un estudio a causa de una limitación de recursos de tiempo y personales. Dadas las restricciones para acceder a la empresa este tipo de muestreo fue el más adecuado, dado que se obtuvo comunicación con el jefe de expedición de la empresa, quien mantiene contacto con los obreros del sector de confección para poder realizar las entrevistas. Se utilizó como criterio de diversificación de la muestra, la edad y antigüedad en el puesto, dado que estas variables pueden intervenir en las diferentes percepciones sobre de la identificación de los factores de riesgo.
A partir de los resultados de investigación podemos señalar que la organización presenta, características productivas típicas del modelo “taylorista”: estandarización de los procesos de producción para elevar su eficiencia al máximo; producción en grandes cantidades a menor costo, a través del aumento de la productividad de la mano de obra, y organización del trabajo en tareas especializadas. Sin embargo, presenta algunos rasgos de la organización del trabajo de tipo flexible, como la alta rotación de los empleados para que puedan desarrollarse en diversas tareas. Esta organización vuelve a los obreros multifuncionales, rotando por todas las máquinas.
Respecto al objetivo central, el estudio logra recuperar la percepción de los actores sobre los factores de riesgo físicos, tecnológicos y las medidas de prevención establecidas. Los trabajadores, en cuanto a lo primero identifican temperaturas extremas, vibraciones y exposición al ruido. En relación con los riesgos tecnológicos, se presenta falta de orden y limpieza, mal funcionamiento de máquinas y herramientas, alto riesgo de incendio o incidentes eléctricos. Asimismo, los trabajadores destacan la falta de mantenimiento en la parte edilicia de la organización; el escaso orden y aseo y las máquinas o herramientas son antiguas y carecen de mantenimiento.
Por su parte, el empleador afirma que la mayoría de los accidentes ocurren por negligencia de los obreros, asegura que los trabajadores no utilizan la vestimenta y elementos adecuados por comodidad u omisión de los procedimientos correspondientes. Sin embargo, reconoce sus fallas en cuestiones de orden, limpieza, falta de decisiones y delegación de mando. Además, se nota que las medidas para prevenir problemas son insuficientes y no cumplen con los estándares necesarios. Hay una carencia de personal encargado de mantener el área de trabajo en buenas condiciones, así como una ausencia de un equipo especializado de Recursos Humanos para resolver conflictos y asegurar su resolución.
The present investigation proposes to address the following questions: what are the perspectives of the business management and the workers on the existence and characteristics of the physical and technological risk factors in the clothing sector of the plastics industry of the company Envases del Parque SA, located in the southern conurbano? And what were the prevention measures and assessments established during the year 2020, according to the business perspective and that of the workers? Specifically, the general objective of the TIF is to comparatively analyze the perspectives of the parties involved on the physical and technological risk factors that occur in the workplace and the prevention measures implemented by the company in 2020. In accordance with the proposed objectives, the use of a qualitative methodology with an interpretive approach and of a synchronous nature is considered appropriate. Based on this approach, we seek to delve into the perceptions of the workers and the first shareholder through semi-structured interviews. This type of data collection technique is used when seeking to access the perspective of the actors and allows analyzing the interpretation that they have about their own experiences. The company is located in the Buenos Aires suburbs, specifically in Berazategui, and the population studied is made up of workers in the clothing sector and the main shareholder of Envases del Parque S.A. The selected sample is made up of representatives of the two parties that constitute the salary relationship. In the first place, six workers belonging to the production area of the clothing sector, who carry out their duties between the morning, afternoon and night shifts. Secondly, the perspective of the employer, the first shareholder of the company and knowledgeable of the operation of the organization since its inception, is considered. For this research, convenience sampling is used. As Flick (2015) presents, this strategy is chosen only if it is the only way to conduct a study due to limited time and personal resources. Given the restrictions to access the company, this type of sampling was the most appropriate, since communication was obtained with the company's dispatch manager, who maintains contact with the workers in the clothing sector in order to conduct the interviews. Age and seniority in the position were used as sample diversification criteria, given that these variables may intervene in the different perceptions of the identification of risk factors. Based on the research results, we can point out that the organization presents typical productive characteristics of the "Taylorist" model: standardization of production processes to maximize their efficiency; production in large quantities at lower cost, through increased labor productivity, and organization of work into specialized tasks. However, it presents some features of the flexible type of work organization, such as the high turnover of employees so that they can develop in various tasks. This organization returns to multifunctional workers, rotating through all the machines. Regarding the central objective, the study manages to recover the perception of the actors on the physical and technological risk factors and the established prevention measures. The workers, in terms of the first thing, identify extreme temperatures, vibrations and exposure to noise. In relation to technological risks, there is a lack of order and cleanliness, malfunctioning of machines and tools, high risk of fire or electrical incidents. Likewise, the workers highlight the lack of maintenance in the building part of the organization; the little order and cleanliness and the machines or tools are old and lack maintenance. For its part, the employer affirms that most accidents occur due to the negligence of the workers, it ensures that the workers do not use the appropriate clothing and elements for comfort or omission of the corresponding procedures. However, he acknowledges his failures in matters of order, cleanliness, lack of decisions and delegation of command. In addition, it is noted that the measures to prevent problems are insufficient and do not meet the necessary standards. There is a lack of personnel in charge of keeping the work area in good condition, as well as an absence of a specialized Human Resources team to resolve conflicts and ensure their resolution.
The present investigation proposes to address the following questions: what are the perspectives of the business management and the workers on the existence and characteristics of the physical and technological risk factors in the clothing sector of the plastics industry of the company Envases del Parque SA, located in the southern conurbano? And what were the prevention measures and assessments established during the year 2020, according to the business perspective and that of the workers? Specifically, the general objective of the TIF is to comparatively analyze the perspectives of the parties involved on the physical and technological risk factors that occur in the workplace and the prevention measures implemented by the company in 2020. In accordance with the proposed objectives, the use of a qualitative methodology with an interpretive approach and of a synchronous nature is considered appropriate. Based on this approach, we seek to delve into the perceptions of the workers and the first shareholder through semi-structured interviews. This type of data collection technique is used when seeking to access the perspective of the actors and allows analyzing the interpretation that they have about their own experiences. The company is located in the Buenos Aires suburbs, specifically in Berazategui, and the population studied is made up of workers in the clothing sector and the main shareholder of Envases del Parque S.A. The selected sample is made up of representatives of the two parties that constitute the salary relationship. In the first place, six workers belonging to the production area of the clothing sector, who carry out their duties between the morning, afternoon and night shifts. Secondly, the perspective of the employer, the first shareholder of the company and knowledgeable of the operation of the organization since its inception, is considered. For this research, convenience sampling is used. As Flick (2015) presents, this strategy is chosen only if it is the only way to conduct a study due to limited time and personal resources. Given the restrictions to access the company, this type of sampling was the most appropriate, since communication was obtained with the company's dispatch manager, who maintains contact with the workers in the clothing sector in order to conduct the interviews. Age and seniority in the position were used as sample diversification criteria, given that these variables may intervene in the different perceptions of the identification of risk factors. Based on the research results, we can point out that the organization presents typical productive characteristics of the "Taylorist" model: standardization of production processes to maximize their efficiency; production in large quantities at lower cost, through increased labor productivity, and organization of work into specialized tasks. However, it presents some features of the flexible type of work organization, such as the high turnover of employees so that they can develop in various tasks. This organization returns to multifunctional workers, rotating through all the machines. Regarding the central objective, the study manages to recover the perception of the actors on the physical and technological risk factors and the established prevention measures. The workers, in terms of the first thing, identify extreme temperatures, vibrations and exposure to noise. In relation to technological risks, there is a lack of order and cleanliness, malfunctioning of machines and tools, high risk of fire or electrical incidents. Likewise, the workers highlight the lack of maintenance in the building part of the organization; the little order and cleanliness and the machines or tools are old and lack maintenance. For its part, the employer affirms that most accidents occur due to the negligence of the workers, it ensures that the workers do not use the appropriate clothing and elements for comfort or omission of the corresponding procedures. However, he acknowledges his failures in matters of order, cleanliness, lack of decisions and delegation of command. In addition, it is noted that the measures to prevent problems are insufficient and do not meet the necessary standards. There is a lack of personnel in charge of keeping the work area in good condition, as well as an absence of a specialized Human Resources team to resolve conflicts and ensure their resolution.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Proceso de trabajo y Organización del trabajo, Riesgos físicos y tecnológicos, Medidas de prevención, Percepción de riesgos, Work process and work organization, Physical and technological risks, Prevention measures, Risk perception
Citación
Callegari, L. A. (2023). Perspectivas de la dirección empresarial y los trabajadores sobre los factores de riesgo en una industria del plástico [Trabajo final de grado, Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche]. https://rid.unaj.edu.ar/handle/123456789/3219